Even in these countries, with existing agricultural methods, all available labour is needed in the peak seasons, such as harvest.
The system lasted in large measure until World War II, when free labour was needed for war production.
Outlets were available in seasonal migration to the southern provinces, where labour was needed on the great estates that produced much of the grain that Russia exported.
In order to process new arrivals, the Spanish authorities began flying those already there out to mainland airports to disperse them to areas where labour was needed.
Workers and employers would naturally follow their own self-interest; labour would be attracted to the jobs where labour was needed most, and the resulting employment conditions would ultimately benefit the whole of society.
Strong demand in the American market (and to a lesser extent in Europe) means that production is actually running about 10% higher than last year, so extra labour is needed in some other Japanese factories.
The scale of the damage could have been worse – the ancient city was wealthy and its vast structures were well built, meaning that large amounts of explosives – and labour – were needed to bring them down.
But she also insisted that tougher enforcement action of the national minimum wage and action against the exploitation of migrant workers by employers keen to undercut domestic labour was needed.
