The roles of surplus production and labour allocation in early societies are seen as crucial for understanding early domesticated landscapes.
Hence, decisions on labour allocation between farm and off-farm activities are dependent, and have to be jointly resolved within the profit maximisation problem (4).
Furthermore, these means have varied according to agro-ecological zones, intra-household shifts in labour allocation and historically induced economic changes.
For this purpose, we have developed the model FARMSIM, a dynamic bio-economic model for analysis and exploration of trade-offs in resource and labour allocation in heterogeneous smallholder farms.
A structured questionnaire was completed for each individual family of settlement heads, including family composition and labour allocation structure, herd structure and management, housing, stocking rate, nutrition, feeding, watering, health, veterinary treatment, breeding, transportation, management practices, slaughtering, processing and reproduction.
A structured questionnaire was completed for each individual family of settlement heads including family composition and labour allocation structure; herd structure and management, nutrition, health, breeding and reproduction; cashmere production, marketing; milk processing and dairy products.
Projects/programmes that work on efficient family labour allocation and family planning need to be encouraged in maintaining and minimizing household size to the level of household income capability.
The framework, as developed by Chavas, et al. ([2005]), may be summarised as follows: Consider a farm household with m family members making production, consumption, and labour allocation decisions during a specific time period.
Note also that equation (4) includes farm and non-farm activities, both in terms of labour allocation (F and L) and income (p'y and N) at the household level.
Similarly, Chavas, et al. ([2005]), in a study of farm households in Gambia found that a significant part of a substantial allocative inefficiency that exists in the production systems of the farm households comes from inefficiency in labour allocation between farm and non-farm activities.
