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Three major issues should be considered when designing biomarker studies: selection of appropriate biomarkers, the assay (laboratory validity), and the population validity of the selected biomarkers.
Due to the absence of the certified reference materials both for mushroom and substrate samples in our laboratory, validity of the optimized digestion procedures was assured by spiking the samples with the standard solution of known concentration of the analyte metals.
8 Before introduction into the Saltro laboratory, validity of these tubes was tested (personal documentation).
Most of the variability can be attributed to preanalytical and/or analytical variability [ 98], where preanalytical variability refers to stability over time and biological variability (e.g., age, sex, and ethnicity), and analytical variability refers to the performance of the test in the laboratory (validity, sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, amongst others).
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The additions relate to the use of biomarkers in epidemiological studies, concerning collection, handling and storage of biological samples; laboratory methods, validity and reliability of biomarkers; specificities of study design; and ethical considerations.
The items added to STROBE concern collection, handling and storage of biological samples, laboratory methods, validity and reliability of biomarkers, special study designs and ethical considerations.
Although lipid analogs we selected have been widely used by a large number of laboratories, their validity as bona fide surrogates for their endogenous counterparts can be questioned, because substitution by fluorophores of about half of one alkyl chain deeply embedded in the bilayer likely affects their biophysical properties, even when not appreciably altering space-filling.
Despite the lower level of external validity, laboratory studies can be a valuable substitute for randomized field experiments and provide insightful new angles to research topics inaccessible through "traditional" empirical methods.
Consumer testing in re-created purchase or consumption contexts may produce results with a higher external validity than laboratory testing and be a valid alternative to consumer testing in real-life contexts.
Furthermore, the high participation rate and uniform use of standard and validated clinical and laboratory procedures increase the external validity of our findings [ 22, 40].
For these and many other obvious reasons, the validity of laboratory pretests of propaganda must be viewed with the greatest caution.
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