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The similarity in surface roughness between the predefined target road surface and the laboratory surface samples was evaluated using optical 3D surface roughness measurements and surface roughness power spectrums.
After arrival at the laboratory, surface water and sediment samples were immediately frozen at −20 °C.
The extent of these problems is inversely related to DNA concentration and target fragment size and concern (i) sample contamination, (ii) laboratory surface contamination, (iii) carry-over contamination, and (iv) contamination of reagents.
Laboratory surface science experiments of several hours can be easily reached with the possibility to include atomistic detail in the simulations.
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(2) Contamination of laboratory surfaces and devices with DNA from various sources can occur at any stage of the analysis and can be avoided by using clean rooms and decontamination methods, such as UV-irradiation and bleach treatment.
These contaminants may be carried over from previous amplification reactions due to aerosolization when the cap of a microtube is opened, and subsequent contamination of gloves, pipetting devices, laboratory surfaces, door knobs, handles of refrigerators and freezers, etc., in addition to reagents.
All laboratory surfaces were decontaminated before use with either 2 N NaOH or LpH (Steris Corporation, Mentor, OH, USA) (16 ).
Sonication produced a CNM-containing mist that could be inhaled by workers or that could leave CNMs on laboratory surfaces after the water evaporated.
There are five serological markers which need to be interpreted together with the clinical picture and other laboratory tests: surface antigen (HBsAg), surface antibody (anti-HBs), core antibody (anti-HBc), e antigen (HBeAg) and e antibody (anti-HBe) [ 11, 12].
The approach was validated against two-dimensional twin-disc tests in laboratory, where surface coated disc specimens were used.
To precise the impact of sand implementation on hydraulic and biological behaviors, a study has been done in laboratory columns (surface 0.1m2) in relation to physical and mechanical characteristics of the sand.
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