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A recent study conducted in our laboratory defined a simplified classification based on immunohistochemistry.
Using novel techniques, her laboratory defined some of the earliest molecular markers of the nervous system and regulators of the nervous system in both Xenopus and the zebrafish Danio.
One is the rate difference model (also known as excess rate model) which defines the periods of influenza epidemics and baseline periods (based on a minimal threshold of laboratory defined virus activity) and then calculates rate differences in influenza morbidity by comparing epidemic and baseline periods [3], [4].
A survey of 192 drug trials published from 1967 to 1999 showed that only 39% had adequate reporting of clinical adverse events and 29% had adequate reporting of laboratory defined toxicity.
Two key inclusion criteria were: 1) facilities were accredited to provide anti-retroviral therapy (ART) to patients with HIV, and 2) facilities with a functional laboratory defined as performing six tests: malaria blood smear, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rapid test, tuberculosis (TB) sputum smear, urinalysis, stool analysis, and haemoglobin estimation.
Recent published work has suggested that RCTs reporting biomarker primary outcomes are more likely to report larger treatment effects than trials reporting patient relevant primary outcomes, 8 and that RCTs with large treatment effects are more likely than others to have laboratory defined efficacy end points and less likely than others to pertain to death.
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The C.D.C. serves as the country's national reference laboratory, defining the extent and nature of disease outbreaks.
Many laboratories defined cutoffs by 3 or 2 SD from the mean (≈>370 or >270 nmol/L, respectively).
In addition, more testing than referring laboratories defined themselves as molecular genetics (25.0% and 0% respectively) or cytogenetics (31.3% and 0% respectively) labs.
Some laboratories define it as below 20 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL), others set it at below 50 ng/mL.
Patients with abnormal MPI usually underwent invasive coronary angiography; all others had research coronary computed tomographic angiography, with core laboratories defining coronary anatomy.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com