Therefore, as the South Carolina Methodist Conference declared before the war, masters sinned against their slaves by "excessive labor, extreme punishment, withholding necessary food and clothing, neglect in sickness or old age, and the like".
And on April 25 he was shipped to a prison for re-education through labor, a punishment meted out to small-time criminals and political miscreants by police officials without judicial oversight.
As the amendment still permitted labor as punishment for convicted criminals, Southern states responded with what historian Douglas A. Blackmon called "an array of interlocking laws essentially intended to criminalize black life".
The son of a Calvinist who believed that hard labor and corporal punishment extinguished laziness, Muir ultimately discovered his own version of God's plan in nature.
This month an 80-year-old Korean War veteran with Parkinson's disease sobbed on national television as he described spending 18 months in a labor camp as punishment for filing local corruption complaints.
In 2008, she and another elderly woman were sentenced to a year of re-education through labor as a punishment for unfurling a protest banner on Tiananmen Square and setting off firecrackers near Zhongnanhai, the walled compound in central Beijing where the Communist Party has its headquarters.
The authors of the study, Anthony L. Antonio, Mitchell J. Chang, Kenji Hakuta, David A. Kenny, Shana Levin, and Jeffrey F. Milem, used groups of three Caucasian students with similar views (on child labor or capital punishment) and matched them with either a Caucasian or African-American collaborator.
Holmes' defeat was attributed in part to the image and charisma portrayed by Hatfield and in part due to the campaign issues such as the declining economy, increased taxation, capital punishment, labor, and education.
Once repatriated, the North Koreans face life-threatening punishment in labor camps, say rights groups.
The order against Mr. Liu, for "re-education through labor," is an extrajudicial punishment that does not require a trial.
