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The M frequencies' band is divided into K sub-bands of L frequencies.
The frequency band of M frequencies is divided into K sub-bands of L frequencies with a certain overlap, as shown in Figure 2. Usually, the maximum overlap between two consecutive sub-bands is L−1 frequencies, yielding the following relation between L, K and M: M = L + K − 1. (13) Figure 2 Sub-bands division used.
North Africa reaches L frequencies of 20-40%, while the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East have around 20-30% (only higher in Yemen).
The lower values for L frequencies in the eastern African coast are due to the southern migration of the Eurasian haplogroup M1, which is typical of East Africa.
When interpolation analyses are performed for the frequencies in total population, any sign of gradient across the Sahara is lost, as differences between L frequencies southern and northern of the desert are high.
In the East of the African continent, the highest L frequencies are attained in more southern latitudes than in the rest of the continent, due to presence of M and some N (R0a and U6) lineages, especially high in Ethiopia.
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Figure 4 represents the constellation of X l (frequency domain), where l ∈ {0, 1,..., N - 1}.
Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites broadcast radio signals in L frequency band and are subject to important distortions while crossing the ionosphere.
where m = 0, 1,..., M - 1. Since we use harmonic model for transmitted signal in L frequency samples, the N samples are divided into M consecutive segments of length L, where M = N - L + 1.
GPS signals are transmitted in two L frequency bands (L1 and L2) and a dual frequency receiver can be used to provide code measurements (P f1 and P f2) and carrier-phase measurements (ϕ f1 and ϕ f1).
L in PPA indicated L subintervals; L in SPE indicated L frequency bands.
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