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Reject H 0 whenever KS ( 1 ) > k n, 1 − α.
This leads to KS ( 1 ).
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For example, 41% of redundant pairs have a Ks > 1, which is commonly estimated to exceed 50 million years [ 4].
Alternatively, when Ka/ Ks < 1, purifying selection is suggested [ 68].
Generally, Ka/ Ks < 1 indicates negative or purifying selection; Ka/ Ks = 1 indicates neutral selection; and Ka/ Ks > 1 indicates positive selection [ 62].
When Ka/ Ks = 1, neutral selection is indicated and when Ka/ Ks > 1, positive selection is implied.
Because of a high viral mutation rate, nucleotide substitutions in synonymous sites were saturated (Ks > 1, see "Results").
Since most NMD candidates showed Ka/ Ks < 1, these genes were under purifying selection as a whole.
Additionally, the sequence of KS-1 RPO30 gene revealed two A to G nucleotide substitutions between the KS-1 Pirbright isolate and the published sequence (GU119932).
The sensor used a single needle (KS-1) with a diameter of 1.3 mm and a length of 60 mm.
Lower KS-1 shows little internal stratification and no pedogenic development.
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