All 15 isolates demonstrated 5 β-lactamase bands by isoelectric focusing (pIs = 5.4, 6.8, 7.0, 8.1, and 8.2), 1 of which was consistent with a KPC β-lactamase (pI = 6.8) (1, 2).
Isoelectric points (pIs) were estimated by comparison with the following standard β-lactamases: TEM-12 (pI 5.25), KPC-2 (pI 6.7), SHV-3 (pI 7.0), SHV-18 (pI 7.8), and MIR-1 (pI 8.4).
The PVD UPR activity in WT (A to C ), ire-1 (D to F ), hpo-30 (G to I ) and kpc-1 mutants (J to L ).
1GOCs A: Saudi Aramco B: NIOC (Iran) C: Qatar Petroleum D: ADNOC (UAE) E: Iraq NOC F: Gazprom (Russia) G: KPC (Kuwait) H: PDVSA (Venezuela) I: NNPC (Nigeria) J: NOC (Libya) K: Sonatrach (Algeria) L: Rosneft (Russia) M: Petronas (Malaysia) O: Lukoil (Russia) P: Pemex (Mexico) Q: Petrochina (China) T: Petrobras (Brazil) Y: ONGC (India) Z: Sinopec (China).
The study analyzing patient outcomes from the patients that contributed the isolates found the opposite association at the bivariate level (i.e. KPC patients experienced greater mortality).
Colonic inflammation induced by severe CDI and standard CD antibiotic treatment could promote difficult-to-treat infections/colonizations (i.e. KPC-Kp BSI, Candida spp. BSI [ 6], or vancomycin resistant-enterococci intestinal colonization [ 17].
Interestingly enough, recent publications describe the detection of CPE from environmental sources, i. e. KPC-producing E. coli and OXA-48-producing Serratia marcescens from environmental water samples in Portugal [ 4] and Morocco [ 5], respectively, suggesting that sources of CPE go beyond the hospital, into the community and environment.
Seven patients imported KPC- Kp into UVaMC as follows: (i) the index case (n = 1) (30); (ii) patients with carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae-positive culture obtained at an outside hospital prior to transfer (n = 3); (iii) patients with a KPC- Kp-positive urine culture obtained as an outpatient (n = 2); and (iv) a patient with a KPC- Kp-positive culture within 48 h of admission (n = 1).
Table 6 Results of PCR test among positive cases KPC % NDM % OXA % Outpatients group I (n = 2) 0%216.7%6.7% 0 0% Inpatients group II (n = 10) 0%758.3%541.75 41.7% Total (12) 0%975%541.75 41.7% Fig. 4 Restriction enzyme analysis and agarose gel electrophoresis of CPE.
It was demonstrated that PCR/ESI MS is able to accurately detect nine different KPC carbapenemases (blaKPC-2-10) [ 132] as well as the gyrA and parC point mutations, which are associated with quinolone resistance in A. baumannii [ 161].
Chromagar KPC: The Chromagar KPC detects enterobacteriacea that express or produce enzymes like KPC, OXA-48, and NDM-1.
