As early as 1957 Bruno Pontecorvo, an Italian physicist who had defected to the Soviet Union seven years earlier, suggested that neutrinos could come in different types, known to physicists as "flavours", and that they morph from one type to another on their way from the sun to Earth.
To confuse matters further, the strong-nuclear "charge" comes in three varieties, known to physicists as red, green and blue.
Though cinematic tricks will be used, everything will be authentic & made to conform to what is known to physicists & astronomers.
"Eddington presented these as a triumph for general relativity, and Einstein, who was known to physicists but not the public, became a star overnight," said Farmelo.
Broadly speaking, the hierarchy problem has to do with mathematical contortions, known to physicists as "fine-tuning," that must be performed in order to account for the fact that gravity is so weak compared to the other forces.
Exactly what sets off the eruptions, called coronal mass ejections, is not known, but physicists suspect that instabilities in the filament's twisted magnetic field lines may be the cause.
In contrast, Dr. Scherer's miniature vacuum tube switches perform a jujitsu move by using the same mechanism that causes leakage in transistors — known by physicists as quantum tunneling — to switch on and off the flow of electrons without leakage.
Dr Wöste and his team hope to be able to make lightning artificially, using what they say is the world's first mobile femtosecond laser (so-called because the pulses of light it emits last only a millionth of a billionth of a second, an eyeblink known to physicists as a femtosecond).
