These arrangements are known as contingency fees, placement service agreements and market service agreements, just as they are in property casualty insurance.
Marsh and the rest of the insurance industry contended that these payments, known as contingency fees and placement service agreements, were perfectly acceptable as long as customers knew about them.
The Liberal Democrats have written to the education secretary, Charles Clarke, demanding to know what contingency plans are in place for schools and universities being built and run by the company.
A fierce fight has broken out in Congress over how to pay for these big-ticket items and whether to use the savings from winding down the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, known as overseas contingency operations, or OCO.
Sources close to the committee believe these extras will ultimately end up costing more than £100m, though this will be covered by what is known as the "contingency" – money for unexpected changes that are common in major construction projects.
This contingency, known as a "compact call," sets the lower-basin states against the upper, but it has never occurred; it is deeply feared by many water managers, because it would ravage the fragile relationship among states and almost certainly lead to a scrum of lawsuits.
In other words, subjects knew the contingencies in advance and there was no learning or updating of value functions that would call upon RPE (Schultz et al. 1997).
On 11 September 1964, one of its Canberras was intercepted by a Sabre fighter of No. 76 Squadron based at RAAF Base Darwin, Northern Territory, as part of Operation Handover, a little-known contingency plan put into effect during Konfrontasi to guard against possible attack by Indonesian forces following the recent establishment of the Federation of Malaysia.
A raft of commentators has observed that too little is known of the contingencies that precede the instigation of formal planning.
A recent study focused on the construct of exploration, in which subjects either favored restricted exploitative choices in which the action-outcome contingencies were known or explored the environment in which the contingencies were unknown.
