What reason is there, though, for adopting this way of resolving the apparent incompatibility between the two knowledge utterances?
In cases where P is not common knowledge, however, the utterance is false, and public announcements of falsehoods yield an inconsistent knowledge state: the analogue of the error state in Subsection 8.2 above.
At the same time, the sentence in 35 has an epistemic reading, which describes a subjective judgment by the speaker about Zhangsan's (possible) trip to Beijing, based on the speaker's knowledge at her utterance time.
Duplicated responsibility requires each interlocutor to assimilate the other's knowledge before designing appropriate utterances.
As a form of realism, it offers to make robust sense of moral objectivity and moral knowledge, allowing for moral utterances to be truth-apt in straightforward ways and for some of them to be true.
It expressed the knowledge that, with a single utterance, he could subject an enemy to that most savage weapon of all: us.
And if they (we) read what is conveyed by the relevant utterance onto the sentence uttered, the knowledge denial will strike them (us) as expressing a truth.
The fourth observes that, if perception = knowledge, then anyone who perceives an utterance in a given language should have knowledge of that utterance, i.e., understand it which plainly doesn't happen.
This leads the Nyāya to formulate a description of the mechanism by which a competent language-user is able to decode noise-utterances and derive language-based knowledge.
But the psalm uncomfortably changes course a moment later: Day to day breathes utterance and night to night pronounces knowledge.
