As an alternative to trying to maintain a coherent conversation about a problem that a learner is constantly changing, one possible solution is to align at the problem level, such that the tutorial conversations address the same skills and knowledge that the problem-solving steps require.
Indeed, Pearl indicates that it is the availability of prior knowledge that allows the inference problem to be structured in such a way as to be amenable to causal reasoning [7].
In the medical education setting, it has been shown that solving concrete clinical problems requires a strong grasp of the underlying factual knowledge that is inherent to the problem.
Its main advantage is that knowledge of the problem can be used to resolve the confusion caused by structural complexity, provide tolerance to noisy or missing data, and provide a means of labeling the recovered structures.
In his Critique of Pure Reason (1781 17877), Kant presciently observed that "the critical path alone is open," meaning that any approach to the problem of knowledge that failed to respect the limitations that he had laid down risked falling into the metaphysical dogmatism of old.
"Ideally, you want them to come away with knowledge that goes beyond that problem," Professor Remillard said.
The problems students encounter can be of two general kinds: problems in which students can use knowledge that already exists or problems that involve research that generates new knowledge.
In contrast, others have demonstrated the ineffectiveness of lecture-based instruction to equip students with the integrated knowledge that is necessary for effective problem solving.
In addition to the axiomatization above, and extensive knowledge of genes, organisms, ontologies, and microarray data built into BioBike and accessed by SNARK via procedural attachments (as described in the next section), we must provide knowledge that is specific to the present problem.
It is a common knowledge that the initial value problem (3.4) is equivalent to the equation.
