Politicians such as Senator Joseph McCarthy had manipulated reporter's belief in objectivity by stating controversial facts that were not supported by evidence with the full knowledge that reporters would publish their words without challenging them.
Mr Blackhurst, who took the helm at The Independent shortly after Mr Hari's plagiarism was exposed, told the hearing staff had "absolutely no knowledge" the reporter had doctored Wikipedia entries.
With the end of compulsory military service, however, there arose an almost unbridgeable knowledge gap between reporters and soldiers.
"They're letting go those with the most institutional knowledge, which helps reporters hold elected officials accountable".
This would be unfortunate, whether it resulted from the limited knowledge of the reporters and their editors, or simply from flawed claims in the internal documents.
They say that when Mr. Murdoch approved a large settlement of £725,000, then about $1.4 million, in a phone hacking lawsuit that year, he did so with full knowledge that other reporters at the paper may have been involved in similar practices.
Evidently counting on the amnesia, or perhaps just lack of knowledge, of California reporters.
He also helped pioneer software to enable correspondents working abroad to use the emerging technology, his knowledge of the reporter's needs combining with his computer knowledge.
When he resigned, he said he had had no knowledge of his reporter Clive Goodman's involvement in hacking the phones of royal staff.
The articles about Chiquita, which appeared in an 18-page special section, were based in part on 2,000 voice mail messages that the newspaper later said had been stolen from the company without its knowledge by a reporter.
