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Yes: when results of the reference tests are interpreted without knowledge of index test results in cases when reference tests are used before the index standard.
Future studies should provide clear descriptions of withdrawals, including participant flow diagrams, ensure that spirometry is performed without prior knowledge of index tests, and that indeterminate results, particularly with respect to spirometry, are reported.
None of the studies met all of our criteria specified for higher quality studies, although in five[ 8, 9, 11, 12, 15] this was due to lack of clarity as to whether reference standard results were interpreted without knowledge of index test results only.
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No: when results of the reference tests are interpreted with knowledge of the index test results in cases in which index tests are used before reference tests.
The employment of these only clearness index based models for any solar system application, in particular solar hydrogen production, is convenient; given that the knowledge of clearness index only requires the global solar radiation data.
When measuring interfacial tensions, conventional spinning drop tensiometry requires knowledge of the index of refraction of the denser, outer fluid phase, in order to correct for the magnification of the inner, spinning drop.
Although the histological results were interpreted without knowledge of the index test's results in 60% of studies, this information was not available in 40% of studies.
Similarly, if the reference standard is always performed first (for example, in a diagnostic case-control study) then the results of the reference standard will be interpreted without knowledge of the index test.
Although this is a precise estimate and the higher index of refraction is consistent with measured values from lipid and organelles like mitochondria [ 55], the accuracy of this measurement depends upon knowledge of the index of refraction of the cytoplasm (generally assumed to be ≈ 1.35 [ 54]) and the validity of the model.
Across taxa, the state-of-knowledge index had a mean value of 3.9±0.1.
The state-of-knowledge index had a mean value of 3.6±0.9 (mean ± standard error) over all regions (n = 18) (Figure 3), and was significantly correlated with species richness (Table 2).
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