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The translator, as well as having a vast cultural and world knowledge, is required to be specialized at a specific field.
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Working with children often involves preparing simple meals and snacks, so a basic knowledge of cooking is required to be a competent nanny.
Novelty part is denoted by F (Innovation), whereas F (Prior Knowledge) denotes the redundant data which is required to be concealed using coding.
Social psychologist David Dunning posits that Trump and his supporters may suffer from the Dunning-Kruger effect: To sum it up, the knowledge and intelligence that are required to be good at a task are often the same qualities needed to recognize that one is not good at that task and if one lacks such knowledge and intelligence, one remains ignorant that one is not good at that task.
I first met Boris in 1987, and a few years ago wrote an unauthorised biography of him, but no specialist knowledge is required to see that this is what he is like.
But no prior knowledge is required to appreciate the poems, as the logic is surreal and the characters keep circling back to "square one.
For example, nanoparticles are increasingly used in a number of applications, but as Nguyen T K Thanh (University College London) discussed, reliable methods to routinely produce high-quality nanoparticles are scarce and molecular knowledge is required to predict their formation and to tune their size and morphology.
"Knowledge" is required to impose liability; however, this is broadly defined to include not only actual knowledge but also deliberate ignorance and reckless disregard of truth or falsity.
Further molecular knowledge is required to understand how signals are relayed from the initial bacterium/epithelium point-of-contact, to other cells in the organ and onwards, to other tissues in the host.
As scientific knowledge is required to design appropriate control methods, this study was performed to estimate the prevalence of caprine TB in slaughter goats, evaluate associated risk factors, and characterize the causative agents.
Whatever the form, specialist knowledge is required to develop it and if specialist clinicians are to provide these sorts of materials for formative assessment it must be appreciated that this will be an expensive exercise and cost-effectiveness must be shown.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com