In particular, in complex diseases like AD, rather than sticking to the 'well-known', we should aim at integrating both established and emerging knowledge in integrative models.
To improve the situation for PhD students, we suggest improving knowledge on integrative approaches, balancing practical applicability with theoretical advancement, providing formal introductions to other fields of research, and enhancing institutional support for integrative PhD projects.
To our knowledge, this integrative in silico bioinformatics analysis has not been previously performed.
Going beyond knowledge gathering, integrative data analysis strategies have been proposed recently for the prioritization of genes potentially involved in a given biological process, phenotype, or disease [ 7- 9].
This demonstration prototype, kipuMarkers (for knowledge-driven integrative identification of pathway-based biomarkers), allows users to input a gene expression dataset (samples and class labels) and a list of gene/protein sets that can represent known molecular pathways or other types of biologically-meaningful groups, such as co-regulated genes or sets of miRNA targets.
Diagrams also facilitated performance on measures of integrative knowledge but not on measures of declarative knowledge.
This may be due to a lack of integrative knowledge between scientific disciplines and the inability to discern the strengths of scientific ideas (Nelson 2000).
Based on these findings, this study offers implications for designing Web-based learning environments, engineered to promote integrative knowledge and ill-structured problem solving skills.
However, WSR typically involves challenging research elements (radical disciplinary scope, integrative knowledge production and transdisciplinary design), which are seen by some as intellectually and institutionally flawed.
In an effort to further support the research in this field, we have developed an integrative knowledge base on Marine Sponge Compounds Interactions (Dragon Exploration System on Marine Sponge Compounds Interactions - DESMSCI) as a web resource.
