His precise definition of knowledge entails that very few things actually count as such for him.
But to say that discoveries are unexpected is a circularity — to anticipate discoveries, we would need to possess the knowledge entailed and so wouldn't need the discovery.
Another mistake of earlier epistemological theories both empiricist and rationalist is the assumption that knowledge entails a kind of "correspondence" between belief and reality.
Uncertainty can be a source of knowledge: we know that it can have potentially adverse effects on people and societies, and this knowledge entails an impetus for appropriate political measures.
Exploiting this deep knowledge entails strategically mapping the know-how usually just carried in the heads of individual employees, or by groups of your employees working together, in tacit, interpersonal organizational routines.
Mr Williamson accepts that knowledge entails true belief, yet rejects the traditional next step of insisting the difference is tricky but important that it be analysed into true belief plus something else.
Then, presuming that knowledge entails truth, k is true.
In the case of evolution, substantive knowledge entails knowledge of the evolutionary theory while syntactic knowledge entails knowledge of the nature of science.
Since knowledge entails belief (according to nearly all theorists), we fail to know q.
David Armstrong (1973, p. 187) said that knowledge entails having a belief state that "ensures" truth.
