Knowledge adaptation from semi-formalized sources can, for example, consist of extracting part-of-speech and subcategorization information as well as stock phrases and idioms from appropriate dictionaries.
In a general sense, a smart learning can be described as a learning process characterized from effectiveness, efficient and engaging for a wide variety of learners with different levels of prior knowledge (adaptation affordances).
Smit et al. (2001, p. 880) argue that "current knowledge of adaptation and adaptive capacity is insufficient for reliable prediction of adaptations; it is also insufficient for rigorous evaluation of planned adaptation options, measures and policies of governments".
Yet science and practice express a growing demand for adequate knowledge of adaptation and argue for an adaptation of knowledge as part of adaptive capacity and as a basis for adaptation measures or policies, which are both currently judged as insufficient (Smit et al. 2001).
Accordingly, income from livestock, the gender of the household head, extension advice, and knowledge of adaptation measures strongly influenced farmers' adaptation decision (P < 0.001).
Nevertheless, relatively few empirical studies have questioned how new trends in public governance, occurring independently of accumulating knowledge about adaptation, affect societal adaptive capacity.
They have also, as the legacy of a long-standing nomadic lifestyle, both an adaptive capacity and knowledge of adaptation strategies that can be of great value for the wider, more urbanised, population.
The outcome model result for the dry lowland condition (Table 9) revealed that education level of the household head, household size, the gender of the household head, farming experience, age, income from crop enterprise, climate information, slope of a plot, and knowledge of adaptation options are positively and significantly related to farmers' adaptation decision.
A common claim in the literature is that there is a lack of knowledge on adaptation, which is a constraining element in the implementation of adaptation efforts (Smit et al. 2001; White et al. 2001; Weber 2006; Frommer 2011).
The observed processes of social learning can contribute to an internalization of the knowledge of adaptation among decision makers and create a stronger position for the knowledge of adaptation.
Present day populations of wild Caprinae represent a potential source of knowledge of adaptation genetics which can be used to improve or adapt current domestic breeds to less productive conditions [ 1].
