The fresh cucumber was cut into small cubes with a knife and milled at temperatures between −180 and −100 °C using a cryogenic mill (Humboldt-Wedag, Köln, DE).
Commonly used mills include attrition mills, ball mills, centrifugal mills, colloid mills, hammer mills, extruders, knife mills, pin mills and vibratory mills (Cheng and Timilsina 2011).
Milling (e.g., knife and hammer milling) makes biomass handling easier and the material more susceptible to chemical pretreatment, facilitating enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides.
This clearly indicates that ES technology consumes less energy compared to milling equipment used to reduce particle size, such as knife and ball milling, and to thermal pretreatments, such as steam and hot water [ 7, 33, 34].
During the industrial process for juice extraction, sugarcane stalks underwent knife and roll milling and the resulting bagasse had variable particle sizes.
During the industrial process for ethanol and sugar production, bagasse samples are severely fragmented as a result of knife and roll milling and, therefore, only some parts of the total structure can be recognized in the images obtained on post-processed samples.
Human cartilage or mice joints were first dissected into small pieces (0.5 mm×0.5 mm) with a knife, and then milled in 200 μL radioimmune precipitation assay (RIPA) lysis buffer with protease inhibitor cocktail and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride with a homogeniser (Ultra-Turrax IKA T10 basic).
Logs were debarked, split with an axe, chipped (Yard Machines 10HP, MTD Products Inc., Cleveland, OH), and knife milled (Model 4 Wiley Mill, Thomas Scientific, Swedesboro, NJ) through a 1 mm screen size; all of these operations were performed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).
On the other hand, pith residues observed in Figure 5a and also the residues on the fiber surfaces are less resistant to the acid treatment and must be mainly formed by soft walls from parenchyma cells, knife milled and fragmented during sugarcane industrial processing.
Samples were milled in a knife mill and passed through a 2 mm sieve and their humidity content was determined using a Shimadzu (Kyoto, Japan) heating balance.
