The coefficients of variation (CV = standard deviation/mean) of F/F0 were calculated with TI Workbench Software (kindly provided by Takafumi Inoue, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan).
Having extracted the coordinates of the distal end of each mapped oligonucleotide primer pair (kindly provided by K. Howe, Wormbase), we calculated the proximal coordinates using the known length of each primer.
Admixture estimates were calculated with the WLSAdmix program (kindly provided by Dr Jeffrey Long).
The transversion and transition differences of all pairs of sequences were calculated using the discalc program (kindly supplied by G. F. Weiller, Australian National University) and these were compared in diplomo scatter plots [ 64].
Geographic distances were calculated with the GPS Visualizer tool (http://www.gpsvisualizer.com/calculators ) based on GPS coordinates for Brazilian cities and towns kindly provided by A. Chautems.
24 The AUC was calculated by summation while BEDROC 20 (α value is 20.0) values were determined using the R scripts kindly provided by Hiroaki Yabuuchi from Kyoto University (Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan).
The absolute gene expression level was calculated by the standard curve method using plasmid standards encoding for simian IFNγ, TNFα, IL1β, IL10 and TGFβ (kindly provided by Dr Villinger, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA) or PCR product (18 s).
