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One of the consequences of rapid tourism expansion is abrupt pressure on local keystone resources such as water and energy.
Due to their essential role in tropical landscapes and their rich ecological relationships with numerous invertebrates and vertebrates, fig trees may be considered as keystone resources of tropical forests (Shanahan et al. [2001]; Harrison [2005]).
Mistletoes are hemiparasitic flowering plants that function as keystone resources in forests and woodlands of temperate regions, where a positive relationship between mistletoe density and avian species richness has been observed.
Not only can vascular epiphytes make up 30percentt or more of plant species diversity in tropical montane forests, they also provide keystone resources for birds, insects, and other animals.
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In this case, the interaction is asymmetrical since the jacutinga depends heavily on palmito fruits while the bird has only a minor contribution to the overall seed dispersal of palmito, which is a keystone resource consumed by a diverse coterie of frugivores in the Atlantic forest (Galetti and Aleixo 1998).
The results of our model not only suggest that the heterogeneity of D. oleifera fruiting, a keystone resource on BCI, could generate the type of inter-group contacts shown to be important for disease transmission, but also provides a mechanistic explanation for their existence.
Among classical symbioses, figs and their pollinating wasps constitute a highly diverse keystone resource in tropical forest and savannah environments.
Stable isotope studies in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems reveal that salmon contribute highly to yearly protein intake for many vertebrates [ 1, 3- 5] and invertebrates [ 6, 7], and provide substantial nutrient inputs to limnetic food webs [ 6, 8- 10], and riparian vegetation [ 7, 11- 13], emphasizing the ecological magnitude of this keystone resource for coastal communities.
Before Mr Obama's interview with the Times, Joe Oliver, the minister for natural resources, insisted that Keystone XL would win approval if only the Obama administration stuck to "facts and science".
That same year, Steyer donated significant money and resources to defeat Keystone XL-supporting Congressman Stephen Lynch in the Democratic primary for Massachusetts US Senatee race, although his tactics in that campaign were slightly controversial.
Our findings demonstrate that individual remnant trees contribute to landscape-level conservation of bird diversity, acting as keystone habitat structures by providing critical resources for species that could not persist in otherwise treeless agricultural fields.
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