Mr. Gbagbo has maintained power by continuing to pay the salaries of soldiers and key civil servants.
Tom Gash from the Institute for Government said ministerial changes and rotation of key civil servants had also proved unhelpful.
In the book I refer to some examples where having the right set of alliances in departments, between the secretary of state, key civil servants and, invariably, a number of externally appointed special advisors and experts, can work well.
Explain this to wine producers, says Mr Kapetanovic, and they become less interested in backing their own ethnic leadership.Mr Kapetanovic has now begun a drive to organise a new cadre of "partisans": key civil servants, businessmen, intellectuals, journalists and activists keen to get into the EU.
Jo Tunnard London As a quite new MP, I had the privilege of serving on the standing committee of the Children Act 1989, with Rupert Hughes the key civil servant responsible.
7. Target key individuals Threaten civil servants, artists and academics with job loss if they don't toe the line.
"There are a lot of civil servants in key posts who have never had to deal with the spending restraint … likely to be required now," he says.
A former close colleague of Heywood says: "There have always been a few people like him in the civil service: very, very big brain capacities, good interlocutors, always in the key meetings – activist civil servants.
It creates a Chatham House environment where members can have discussions with key ministers and civil servants around some of the big issues that we face as chairs of public bodies.
Next week, at the Tory party conference in Manchester, a key group of civil servants will learn whether they are – relatively speaking – as loved by the right of politics as they appear to be by the left.
