Chalkiness can be evaluated by indexes, including area of chalky endosperm (ACE), degree of chalky endosperm (DCE) and percentage of grains with chalkiness (PGWC) when it is associated with high level of damage to the kernel during milling, and thus to a reduction in head rice recovery (Del Rosario et al. 1968).
The capacity of the separator is 446 kg h−1 against a manual hand-picking rate of 60 kg h−1 that characterize the dry method of separation in local palm kernel oil mills in Nigeria.
The kernels were milled and sieved through a strainer with 1.0 mm pore diameter.
Recently, SSR markers have been applied in trait and marker association of plants, such as kernel size and milling quality in wheat [ 26], oil, starch, and protein concentration in maize [ 27], submergence tolerance in perennial ryegrass [ 17].
AM has been successfully applied in mapping genes involved in several traits in different plant species (e.g. flowering time and aluminum tolerance in maize, resistance to late blight in potato, kernel size and milling quality in wheat, resistance to dieback in lettuce) [ 28- 32].
The whole and broken kernels obtained after milling were added to define the total milling yield.
PB 1121 provides unique phenotypes for milled rice kernel length and linear cooked kernel elongation.
There has been an improvement in the milled rice kernel length to 8.00 mm as compared to 6.89 mm in Basmati 370.
Several rounds of stringent phenotypic selection in the following generations helped in stabilizing the line for milled rice kernel length, aroma and its exceptional cooking quality.
It has extra-long slender grains with a milled rice kernel length averaging 9.00 mm, a breadth of 1.90 mm and an L/B ratio of 4.74 (Fig. 3b).
To prepare the preheated kernel slurry, 25 g milled kernel was homogenized with 125 g purified water (milli-Q) for 5 min using a Waring Blender.
