The study compared total ghrelin, acyl-ghrelin, PYY, GLP-1 and subjective appetite responses to ingestion of a standardised 2781kj (660 kcal) test meal.
The fact that a 430 630 kcal test meal is judged as delivering the same amount of satiation as a 160 220 kcal portion of rice simply demonstrates what is already known– that high-fat, high-energy foods (i.e., the crisps and chocolate in the test meal) are expected to deliver less satiation than low-fat, low energy foods (i.e., the portion of rice) (e.g., Brunstrom et al., 2008).
The PPG measurements were assessed after intake of a standardized 600 kcal liquid test breakfast (400 ml of Ensure Plus®, Abbott Nutrition, Columbus, OH, USA; 53.8% carbohydrate, 16.7% protein and 29.5% fat; consumed within a 10-min period performed 30 min after drug administration) at baseline and week 24.
Subjects with a BW loss of at least 5% were randomized into the weight maintenance intervention phase of 12 weeks, during which the participants resumed to their habitual eating patterns except for the lunch, which was replaced by Nutrilette Intensive meal (111 kcal) mixed with test emulsion or control.
Figure 1 shows that all tested systems allowed 2000 kcal healthy diets with eligible foods (test A), and 2000 kcal unhealthy diets with non-eligible foods (test D).
Syvanne et al. [ 5] investigated 30 male participants with and 30 without CAD undergoing a fat-loading test (760 kcal, 78 g fat = 92.0 energy percentage [E%]); 50% of participants in each group had diabetes.
A liquid mixed-meal test (500 kcal), performed off metformin for 48 h, confirmed a subnormal insulin response (peak30 min = 7.6 mIU/L), marked postprandial hyperglycemia (glucose30 min = 23 mmol/L, glucose180 min = 16 mmol/L) and an appropriate post-LPGB GLP-1 response (peak active GLP-130 min = 92 pmol/L) (Fig. 1).
Postprandial TG levels at 6 (4.6 vs 2.8 mmol/L; P = 0.04) and 8 h (3.6 vs 2.4 mmol/L; P = 0.03), as well as the incremental area under the curve for the postprandial period (560 vs 297 mmol × 480 min/L; P = 0.048) after a fat-loading test (1027 kcal, 86.6 g fat = 77.0 E%) were increased in patients with MI compared with those in patients without MI.
Placebo or canagliflozin 300 mg was given 20 min before a 600-kcal mixed-meal tolerance test.
Table 1 shows the results obtained after the meal tolerance tests (460 kcal; 56.5 g of carbohydrates, 18 g of protein, and 18 g of fat) performed at week 0 (at the initiation of add-on therapy) and at week 12.
The included studies reported total GIP plasma responses from 15 OGTTs (one 25-g OGTT, one 40-g/m OGTT, four 50-g OGTTs, eight 75-g OGTTs, and one 125-g OGTT) and 13 mixed-meal tests (12 solid mixed-meal tests and 1 liquid mixed-meal test), ranging from 300 kcal to 833 kcal.
