Thirty-seven healthy subjects with no family history of diabetes were divided into 3 groups: a 75-g oral glucose loading group (OG group) (n = 14), a test meal group (TM group) (n = 12; 400 kcal, carbohydrate content 40.7 g), and a control group (n = 11).
The two outcomes of interest were: (1) change in mean energy content (kcal) per purchase before and after regulation, and (2) mean energy content (kcal) purchased among customers who said that they used the calorie information when deciding what to order.
Energy density was calculated by dividing energy content (kcal) to weight (g) of a meal.
This possibility is unlikely because the HF diet and the Cheetos® were actually comparable in kcal % fat content: 60 compared to 56 kcal % fat, respectively.
Consistent with our prediction, the effect of consuming sucrose on subsequent energy intake was greater when measured in the parallel-groups study than in the cross-over study (respectively 64% versus 36% compensation for the 162 kcal difference in energy content of the sucrose and sucralose drinks).
Furthermore, differences in the fat content (2.2 g/100 kcal in our study) of the EN used as controls might explain the discrepant findings, because increased lipid content slows gastric emptying [ 21].
Model 2 which adds adjustments for the type of purchase, including number of food items, whether a beverage was purchased, and inflation adjusted cost produces a decrease of 20 kcal in mean energy content per lunchtime purchase, from 847 kcal in 2007 to 827 kcal in 2009 (P=0.01) (table 4).
The MUFA-rich meal consisted of four pieces of toasted white bread and 33 g extra-virgin olive oil (total energy content 559.4 kcal, 50.1 g carbohydrates, 9.2 g protein, and 35.8 g fat; 14.6% SAFA, 7.9% PUFA, and 77.0% MUFA).
The SAFA-rich meal consisted of four pieces of toasted white bread and 40 g butter (total energy content 557.6 kcal, 50.1 g carbohydrates, 9.2 g protein, and 35.6 g fat; 62.9% SAFA, 0.3% polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFAs], and 31.9% MUFA).
One meal comprised a 32.5 g bag of salted potato chips (Walkers, Leicester, England) and a Mars® bar (i.e., chocolate-covered nougat; Mars Incorporated UK, Slough, England) (total energy content: 431 kcals).
