This was supported by decreasing tendencies of patch indices SHDI (Shannon's diversity index), SHEI (Shannon's evenness index), and IJI (Interspersion and juxtaposition index).
But correlation between the indices and sediment yield except for Total Core Area (TCA) and Interspersion and Juxtaposition Index (IJI) was remarkable.
The interspersion and juxtaposition index (IJI), patch richness (PR), and patch richness density (PRD) had no effects on the provision of ESVs.
Several landscape metrics were chosen to describe the landscape pattern (spatial share, mean patch size, patch size coefficient of variance, mean shape index, mean nearest neighbor distance, mean proximity index, and interspersion and juxtaposition index).
The individual metrics emerging as most important were similar to those noted in other research and include the modified Simpson's diversity index, the area-weighted mean patch fractal dimension, the interspersion and juxtaposition index, and the largest patch index for grasslands.
The results showed that the urban forest Patch Density (PD), Landscape Shape Index (LSI), Interspersion & Juxtaposition Index (IJI), Tree Density (TD), Canopy Density (CD), Species Richness (SR) and Species Diversity (H' index) exhibited strictly monotonic increases with urbanization intensity, increasing by 162%, 60 %, 44, 37%, 50%, 85%, and 84% from low to heavy urbanization areas, respectively.
