These two treatments share a common conception of legal obligation as justified imposition by a beneficent superior with access to sanctions.
What makes justified beliefs justified?
The point of this piecemeal regulation, says the EC, is to address discrimination in access to goods and services "in cases where it cannot be objectively justified (e.g. by VAT obligations or different legal requirements)".
When companies go into Chapter 11, they often feel justified in walking away from their obligations to employees -- the money is gone.
The calculus of probability and benefit may affect the manner of our choosing between two courses of rescue, but the choice of present rescue over future cannot be justified by denying that there is any obligation to future rescue at all.
Economically justified, theologically justified, and monarchically justified.
GPs also described their Practice Rationale (drawing on experience, medicolegal obligations, guidelines and evidence) which influenced testing decisions and justified why they adopted their particular practice orientation.
This includes lower tonnage thresholds for different REACH obligations (e.g. registration, chemical safety report) which are justified by highly dispersed use together with low mass application, linked with the uncertainties regarding (eco-) toxicity, environmental fate and exposure.
Aside from the psychological impact of being declared bankrupt, there is also the fear – almost certainly justified – that a bankruptcy judge will allow management to tamper with its pension obligations to them.
Other demands like adapted information requirements, the separate consideration of different nanoforms for testing obligations and for the chemical safety report, the possibility of scientifically justified waiving and read across, and the handling of surface-treated nanomaterials could at least partly be implemented by amending the REACH annexes and guidance documents only.
As discussed above, in his two-step approach, justified authority does not entail legitimate authority, and while the latter does create political obligations the former does not.
