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There is also an issue concerning the justification of principles, such as Occam's Razor, which favor simple theories.
The justification of principles is said rather to reside in the reasons for the parties' agreement; the social contract itself does not add to but only obscures the force of these reasons.
How otherwise, Rawls contends, should we represent the justification of principles of justice for free and equal persons who have different conceptions of their good, as well as different religious, philosophical, and moral views?
In any case the main objection Scanlon raises seems to be that purely rational choice and agreement based in individuals' interests is not representative of or relevant to moral justification of principles.
The operation of public reason and deliberation, then, serves as the means by which such a consensus might be established, and hence public discussion and democratic institutions must be seen as a constitutive part of the justification of principles of justice rather than merely a mechanism for collective determination of the social good.
In third generation theories, which reject the pure dualism between realistic description of power and normative justification of principles, seeking an alternative route in hybrid models, the question of the role of local powers in democratic theory takes on a different outline.
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It is against this broadly naturalistic background that some philosophers have sought to provide an epistemic justification of simplicity principles, and in particular principles of ontological parsimony such as Occam's Razor.
The demand for justification of such principles can be understood in two importantly distinct ways, corresponding to the distinction between epistemic principles and methodological principles made at the end of Section 1. Justifying an epistemic principle requires answering an epistemic question: why are parsimonious theories more likely to be true?
ALAN SOKAL: Yes, it's hard to imagine what an ab initio justification of logical principles like modus ponens would look like.
The next three sections examine these three modes of justification of simplicity principles.
It is not to offer any non-circular justification of those principles.
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