Gaus's justification of public reason requires the "as if" solution of a Kantian Parliamentarian, who rules on whether a proposal is "in order". Previous work on public reason, by Rousseau, Kant, and Rawls, have all reduced decision-making and the process of "reasoning" to choice by a unitary actor, thereby begging the questions of disagreement, social choice, and reconciliation.
And indeed, though this would be stretching the analogy to public justification too far, A's reasons for wanting bananas might be quite unintelligible to B (perhaps he wants them for some religious ritual and she is an atheist) without that undermining the "justification" of the posterior state of affairs.
As for justification, one reason was purely military.
Rationing becomes unethical when it occurs without justification or reason.
"We were shocked with the heavy gunfire, without any justification or reason," he said.
There might be a physical reason, but don't look beyond that for a justification or reason.
The same proposition can be believed or known, depending on one's reasons or justification for holding the belief.
Topics include: doxastic voluntarism; the deontic conception of epistemic justification; pragmatic reasons for belief; Pascal's wager; the value of knowledge and true belief; the aim of belief; epistemic consequentialism; and analogies between epistemic and moral norms.
Justification calls for the articulation of one's reasons.
L. 99 83, § 118(1), inserted requirement respecting detailed justification of reasons for sale of sensitive articles or services.
The aim of democracy as public justification is reasoned consensus among citizens.
