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In all other cases, however, judges apply something called the "rational basis test," which in fact is not rational, has no constitutional basis, and is not a meaningful test of anything but judicial willingness to rationalize the government's actions.
Nonetheless, it is increasingly evident that in spite of these lacunas and variations, the right to health is enjoying greater enforceability in domestic courts due to increased ratifications of international human rights treaties, increased entrenchment in domestic bills of rights and increased judicial willingness to enforce health rights [ 22, 23].
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But to detractors, Judge Sotomayor's sharp-tongued and occasionally combative manner — some lawyers have described her as "difficult" and "nasty" — raises questions about her judicial temperament and willingness to listen.
As Cass Sunstein, a former professor at Harvard Law School, writes in the "2020" collection, "Increasingly, conservatives have been drawn to 'movement judges' — judges with no interest in judicial restraint, with a willingness to rule broadly and a demonstrated willingness to strike down the acts of Congress and state governments.
"Those concerns include questions about his judicial temperament and his willingness to impose appropriate criminal sentences," the spokeswoman said.
Rubio's office insisted the senator's change of heart on Thomas was based on questions about his "judicial temperament and his willingness to impose appropriate criminal sentences".
It has also been noted that, as much as institutional processes play a part in judicial independence, ultimately the willingness of judiciary to stand up to executive and legislative influence is the most important factor in ensuring an independent judiciary.
Coming just weeks after Republicans tried but failed to thwart the confirmation of a district court judge, the Liu vote suggests a new Republican willingness to blockade judicial nominees.
However, according to Jonathan Adler, a law professor at Case Western Reserve University,The problem with these characterizations of the court is that if by "judicial activism" one means a willingness to overturn precedents and invalidate federal laws, the Roberts Court is the least activist court of the post-war period.
This willingness to challenge the judicial branch has been echoed by others, including the Princeton professor and prominent conservative thinker Robert George.
"Despite the heightened tensions felt by all – which seemingly beg for an emotional response and reaction – our community has consistently demonstrated a willingness to respect the judicial process".
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com