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It is hard to see many now citing his judgement under pressure as a qualification for the Lions captaincy, and Eddie Jones now has a real dilemma.
The recognition of this distinction, initially noted by Kahneman et al. [Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., Tversky, A., 1982. Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases.
These methods can be carried forward to the analysis of medical decision making, as medical decisions require judgement under uncertainty.
This indicates that changes in judgement strategies under time pressure are not necessarily associated with changes in judgement performance, suggesting that there is more than one way of processing clinical information to reach the same judgement under the specific context of time pressure.
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When we are making judgements under conditions of uncertainty, we are known to employ one or more of these heuristics, which often fail to make correct judgements.
"On any given day highly trained Metropolitan Police firearms officers can and do face life threatening situations in which they have to make instant judgements under incredible pressure.#.
Notable findings in Kahneman and Tversky's research [26, 27] are that people often rely on intuitive thinking when making judgements under conditions of uncertainty.
Although the rationalistic approach is valuable in explaining how people should ideally make judgements under conditions of certainty, the behavioural approach is the better in explaining how people actually make judgements in uncertain conditions, and also identifying the bias-inducing psychological mechanisms people employ (mostly without conscious awareness) [28].
This effect reflects faster responses to number magnitude (explicit condition) or parity (implicit condition) judgements under "compatible" conditions (i.e., when responses to large numbers are on the right and small numbers are on the left) [3] [9].
Nurses tended to use less information to reach judgements under time pressure, but not at the expense of judgment accuracy.
Whilst nurses predominantly used respiration rate to make judgements, they used fewer cues to reach their clinical judgements under time pressure.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com