Under questioning at the Pollard inquiry, Mr Entwistle said: "I would never want the press office to get involved in journalism under any circumstances".
"The conclusions from many different parts of the world are remarkably similar: journalism under pressure from a weakening media economy; political bias and opportunism that drives the news agenda; the dangers of hate-speech, stereotyping and social exclusion of refugees and migrants," wrote EJN director Aidan White and journalist Kieran Cooke in the introduction.
Ms. Carpenter, who studied journalism under Michael Pollan at the University of California, Berkeley, also helps run a biodiesel station in Berkeley, where she teaches chicken and rabbit rearing classes.
Now some American newspaper executives are talking about setting up iTunes-style systems for online journalism, under which readers might be asked to make so-called micropayments — dropping a few pennies at a time into an electronic meter — every time they read an article.
Mr. Breitbart saw infinite possibilities on the Web, starting a series of Web sites — Big Government, Big Hollywood, Big Journalism — under the banner of Breitbart.com.
D.R.: Why is Times-level journalism under risk?
Swing despaired over what had happened to journalism under Hearst, and said so, which took courage.
As for the fate of journalism under Putin's government, he is less optimistic.
In 2006 Chelysheva won Amnesty International's special award for human rights journalism under threat for her campaign to reveal abuses in Chechnya.
She produced social-crusader journalism under her own name for the likes of Harper's Monthly Magazine and Appletons' Journal, and a solitary extraordinary novel under the solitary extraordinary pseudonym Czeika: "An Operetta in Profile" (1887).
