Mrs Merkel persuaded Mr Sarkozy to rule out jointly issued Eurobonds.
Harvard Library and the MIT Libraries have jointly issued the following recommendations in response.
Another option is "fiscal union", in which at least some of the sovereign debt is mutualised through jointly issued Eurobonds.
A press release to this effect has been jointly issued by Lee Jasper, Viv Ahmun and Stafford Scott.
Calls for some sort of jointly issued debt, known as euro bonds, have grown ever louder since the election of François Hollande as president of France this month.
A jointly issued Eurobond would allow burden-sharing across all countries but would also require governments to give up some control over their tax-and-spending decisions.
Once again, she rejected jointly issued euro bonds or other forms of shared debt, which several leaders, including President François Hollande of France, have called for.
"Each of us spoke and put forward our position," said Ms. Merkel, addressing the discussion of jointly issued debt, known as euro bonds, after the meeting.
She called for new measures to increase the sharing of risk, including possibly jointly issued euro area debt instruments, or, as Germany has proposed, a debt redemption fund.
German officials remain adamant that they are not talking about euro bonds, or jointly issued debt, which they have dismissed as unconstitutional.
In a statement jointly issued in June, Korea Hydro, Kepco E & C and two other state-financed nuclear industry companies promised "self-purification measures".
