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Despite the joint exposure of aquatic wildlife to estrogens and progestins, very little information is available on their combined effects.
However, when we examined joint exposure of mercury with cadmium or vinyl chloride, clear interaction was not noted.
To assess the interaction on the additive scale between PCB levels and CYP1A1 genotypes, indicator variables were created for each category of joint exposure of PCBs and CYP1A1 genotype.
Air pollution is expected to increase in urban areas due to climate change, so the joint exposure of urban populations to high temperatures and air pollutants will increase in the future (O'Neill and Ebi 2009).
To estimate independent and joint effects of cigarette smoking and the CYP1Al genotype on an additive scale, indicator variables were created for each category of joint exposure of smoking variable and the CYP1Al genotype (variant allele/variant allele or variant allele/wild-type allele).
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We designed the following experiments to broaden our understanding of the effects of joint exposure to Hg vapor and MeHg, a situation that more realistically models human exposures, which are both concurrent and chronic and generally begin long before pregnancy.
However, until now, the level of joint exposure to these infections on risk or magnitude of splenomegaly has not been investigated.
The conventional risk of subjects unexposed to both of two risk factors (reference category) being 1.0, the OR estimating the effect of joint exposure to VCM and alcohol was one order of magnitude greater than the ORs estimating the effect of each factor in the absence of the other.
The evidence for a combination of independent multiplicative effects for BMI and activity seen in our study and in particular the absence of any negative interactions emphasizes the potential public health importance of joint exposure to high BMI and high activity stressors.
Few animal toxicologic studies of joint exposure to respiratory viruses and ambient air pollutants are available.
We used the summary phthalate score as defined in "Materials and Methods" to study the effect of joint exposure to more than one AGI-associated phthalate.
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