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In PCR-mediated recombination we would expect a similar frequency of independent recombination events in both regions, but the joint expectation would be their product.
A reliable estimate of the joint expectation requires K sweeps (burn in included) and so, for a gradient step, we need K· n·20 elementary calculations (in practice, K ≃ 1,000).
To boost the calculation of the gradients, an process named "contrastive divergence (CD)"[ 12] could be used to estimate the gradients by replace joint expectation by the "reconstruction" of the hidden and visible units.
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- Informal negotiations of joint expectations.
Within the JJIs, negotiation of joint expectations initially took place along the hierarchy.
The negotiation of joint expectations was simultaneous with the making of psychological contracts.
Much time was invested in the informal negotiation of joint expectations with practitioners throughout the entire institution.
Core aspects of collaboration development – negotiations of joint expectations, making and executions of commitments – started out somewhat formal, but quickly turned less formal.
This paper therefore deals with two questions: (1) how to organize adaptive space with respect to the formulation of joint expectations, commitments for future action and coordinating executions of commitments in a formal and informal manner, and (2) how heterogeneous actors contend with the 'unscriptedness' of early collaborations.
A shared action space as described in this paper provides the opportunity for regular and unconstrained interpersonal and project-related communication, which is a precondition for the establishment of trust and clarity concerning joint expectations and roles (Stokols et al. 2008).
This work indicates that when organizing for adaptive space, it is essential to realise that collective action is dynamic and goes through three temporal stages in a non-linear, iterative fashion: negotiations of joint expectations, commitments for future actions and executions of these commitments.
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