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As outlined by Punaro, Goldwater-Nichols strengthened civilian control of the military; made the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff the top military advisor to the president; streamlined the chain of command; put greater weight on the strategic and contingency planning; and "intensified the development of joint doctrine, training, and personnel".
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The joint doctrinal influence of the two centres spread from the mid-8th to the 11th century among the Jews of North Africa and Europe; mystical doctrines also filtered in, but very little is known about the circumstances and means of their penetration.
"This new study throws light on the problems that the joint enterprise doctrine creates in individual cases and points to the way forward for the future".
Commenting on the report, Edward Fitzgerald QC, of Doughty Street Chambers, said: "The injustice of the joint enterprise doctrine, particularly as it applies to murder cases, has now been recognised by the supreme court.
Where the fatal injury could only have come from one person, the joint enterprise doctrine can extend the charge of murder to others who were present and had foresight of what was likely to occur.
Jessica Jacobson of the ICPR, one of the authors of the report, said: "At this time of significant change to the joint enterprise doctrine, there is more urgency and more opportunity … [to make] the prosecution process clearer and more transparent".
The Justice Committee highlighted the use of the historic joint enterprise doctrine in recent cases involving gangs in England and Wales.
"There is a real danger in justifying the joint enterprise doctrine on the basis that it sends a signal or delivers a wider social message, rather than on the basis that it is necessary to ensure people are found guilty of offences in accordance with the law as it stands".
Webb had been charged with murder under the joint enterprise doctrine after finding himself swept up in a nightmare scenario.
At the trial the prosecution used the joint enterprise doctrine and argued that Mitchell's conduct in the first fight made her part of a continued enterprise that ended in Ayres' tragic death.
Not one of the legal experts consulted in the Bureau's research argued that the joint enterprise doctrine should be scrapped – all recognised it as a necessary part of the law, which allows the genuinely guilty to be punished.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com