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Since leptin levels were increased in synovial fluid compared to serum in OA patients, it was suggested that joint cells themselves could produce leptin.
Kingsley's team had no idea what the normal gene does, but a team at the University of Tokyo had recently identified the genetic defect behind a similar mouse disease--and determined that its protein product normally generates pyrophosphate on the outside of joint cells to keep the joints scale-free.
Chondrocyte is the unique cell type in joints, and the cell model we chose is widely used to study the effect of inflammatory stress on joint cells.
Peripheral joint cells such as these could be slow-cycling stem/progenitor cells.
In conclusion, IL-1F8 exerts proinflammatory effects in primary human joint cells.
Total joint cells contained immune cells (70%) and non-immune cells (30%) (see Additional file 1A).
Therefore, we sought to investigate the effects and the expression of new IL-1 family members in joint cells.
One potential concern with this approach is that primary joint cells are composed of a mixture of cell types.
These reports suggest that the OA pathological tissue environment regulates the release of exosomes from joint cells, including SFB.
The most highly expressed antagonist modulators of the pathway were Dkk3 and Sfrp2 both of with are detected in joint cells at E13.5 and E15.5 [ 82].
However, although IL-1F8 mRNA is expressed in hSF and hAC, joint cells are not a major source of IL-1F8 protein.
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