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Seen from above, the dentary is straight without an expanded jaw tip.
It is also straight in top view, without much expansion at the jaw tip, suggesting the lower jaws as a pair, the mandibula, were narrow.
As shown in Figure 3, the participant was instructed to place the jaw tip of the instrument at the starting point before the experimenter gave him the signal to start the movement.
The jaw tip of instrument was placed at the starting position and the position of instrument handle was adjusted to be close to the subjects' elbow level to minimize discomfort and upper arm and shoulder muscle work [ 53].
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In some cases, fossilized keratinous beak tissue has been preserved, though in toothed forms, the beak is small and restricted to the jaw tips and does not involve the teeth.
Azhdarchids also lack the ventrally-curved jaw tips of many dip-feeders.
The lack of hooked jaw tips has also been cited as evidence against the scavenging hypothesis [24], [30], but scavenging storks and corvids manage to open carcasses quickly and bite off pieces of flesh without the aid of curved jaw tips [108].
The position of the occiput also precludes extending the jaw tips to the combined length of the jaw and neck, as the skull cannot be rotated enough to align the jaws and neck on the same plane [contra. 27].
The perpendicular orientation of the skull to the neck decreases the cervical flexion required to lower the jaws and, augmented by the great length of the skull, the distance between the jaw tips and the ground.
Furthermore, the elongate azhdarchid rostrum would have resulted in low bite pressures delivered at the jaw tips and the straight jaw margins would provide no concentration of bite force.
Extrapolating 10 million years back, the team estimates that the jaw-tip bite force of the black piranha's extinct relative Megapiranha paranensis, which might have reached lengths of about 1.3 meters and weighed up to 73 kilograms could have been as high as 484 kilograms.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com