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Analysis of the constitutive equations indicates that it is only when full lateral confinement occurs and the static (ice jam) condition is approached that φ can be considered a material constant.
The sections with incomplete data are those that have no data from VIMS, at the time when the experiment vehicle is travelling at a speed slower than that required by VIMS (less than 20 km/h) in traffic jam condition, for instance; and sections that have no GPS data, as sometimes GPS would fail to record information due to some satellite signal obstruction.
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Generally, higher average travel speeds were correlated to a higher risk of drowsy driving, as were longer periods of low-speed driving in traffic jam conditions.
With this Qu-Wang-Zhang model, the result calibrated from observational data sample can consistently well represent all traffic states ranging from free flow conditions to traffic jam conditions.
The CFD technique has been applied to model several tunnels in different lengths under severe traffic jam conditions; this way, the difference between pressure drop predicted by CFD simulation and 1D model can be investigated.
It was long believed that single regime models could not well represent all traffic states ranging from free flow conditions to jam conditions until Qu et al. (2015) pointed out that the inaccuracy was not caused solely by their functional forms, but also by sample selection bias.
Since, in mixed traffic, the space headway could be as little as 0.5 m during queues in jam conditions and 2Ws are the smallest vehicles in the study with a maximum width of 0.7 m, a lattice with a periodic boundary condition consisting of 10,000 cells of size 0.5 m × 0.7 m was used for simulation.
Fig. 6 Static analysis of the jamming condition.
Using this mechanism, the node with lower jamming condition can have higher chance to set up the critical upstream path, hence more reliable path for source node.
And the monitors are deployed in wireless sensor networks and they employ an optimal sequence hypothesis test to detect the jamming condition [22].
Then, the base station makes decision about jammed or non-jammed condition.
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