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Both species are in the same IUCN category of threat.
The present study focuses on the ecological impacts of Isfahan's West Freeway, which passes through Ghamishloo Wildlife Refuge; an IUCN category IV protected area, in Isfahan Province.
The habitat of P. peridoticola lies entirely in Kinabalu Park (an IUCN Category II National Park) and it is therefore statutorily protected.
In the higher level of importance, core areas are mostly under strictly protected areas (IUCN categories I IV), while connector areas are under the less restrictive category of sustainable use protected areas (SUAs, IUCN category V).
Provisional IUCN category: Following the Red List criteria of the IUCN (2012), we consider Begonia merrilliana to belong to the vulnerable category under criterion D2 (population with a very restricted area of occupancy).
Private wildlife areas expanded eightfold between 1979 and the mid-1990s (Chadwick 1996), protecting at least 16.8% of the total area of South Africa (Cousins et al. 2008) compared to 6% as IUCN category I to IV protected areas.
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We included all designated nationally administered areas corresponding to World Conservation Union (IUCN) categories I-VI (IUCN 1994), as well as those that have not yet been scored against the IUCN criteria.
Here we clarify that we do not advocate replacing the current IUCN categories, but highlight the benefits of using both the objective-based IUCN categories and the new regulation-based classification when applied to MPAs.
Applying both the IUCN categories and the regulation-based classes will increase transparency when assessing marine conservation goals.
We carried out a meta-analysis of ecological effectiveness of IUCN Categories I II (no-take), IV and VI (MPAs) compared to unprotected areas.
Focusing on African protected areas that experience limited human impact (International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories I and II), we tested three hypotheses regarding the impact of climate change on the dynamics of net primary productivity (NPP).
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