Other rate constants that determine the system's behavior are: k on, k off - binding and unbinding rates, respectively, of IL-2 to its receptor; and d I, IL-2 degradation rate (or its effective removal from the interaction volume due to transport).
It works by offering a "3D interaction volume," made up of a point cloud, which pmd says means it can be more accurate than Leap Motion, which just identifies points for fingertips to help it determine relative spacial distance.
Because the distinctive x-ray signal from the varnish has an interaction volume greater than that layer, it is diluted by unaltered underlying sandstone.
Under these conditions, the interaction volume limits the resolution to around 20 nm.
In a free-space Gaussian beam, however, as the Rayleigh range changes as, an effective interaction volume rapidly decreases as the waist radius.
Though the interaction volume at 5 kV has roughly a diameter of 175 nm, Monte Carlo simulations using the freeware program CASINO suggest that 50% of the CL signal emanates from a 25 nm region under the 5 nm SEM electron probe.
The molecular interaction volume model (MIVM) was used to model the activity coefficient of Ca and Mg in Ca Mg liquid alloys.
The activity coefficients of components of Sn Sb alloy were calculated by using the molecular interaction volume model (MIVM), and the calculated average relative deviation and the average standard deviation were ±0.00039 and ± 0.173%, respectively for both Sn and Sb.
These simulations have enabled the effective interaction volume to be defined, and this has allowed the transmission efficiency of energetic fragment ions, formed through a process which also yielded a threshold electron, to be quantified.
The primary advantage of a collinear beams geometry is that the effective interaction volume can be made much larger than that obtainable with a crossed beams geometry, which has been used in many earlier photoelectron spectroscopic studies.
