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Let ((X, Vert cdot Vert )) be a Banach space with its dual space ((X^, Vert cdot Vert _)), and Ψ be its functional on X.
Let ((X,|cdot|)) be a Banach space with its dual space ((X^{-1},|cdot|_)), and Φ be its functional on X.
Each step in the signalling pathway is essentially probabilistic, hence, noisy: ligand diffusion and binding, receptor switching between its functional on and off states, as well as receptor methylation and demethylation, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of signalling proteins CheA, CheY and CheB, and switching of the rotary motor between its two states, CW and CCW rotation.
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The essence of science based probability modeling of damage, evolution, and distribution is the formulation of a time dependent damage function that captures its functional dependence on all of the key internal and external variables, and their variability.
The specific targeting sequence within the N-terminal of the Tfam dictates the import of the protein into the mitochondria, where it can carry out its functional role on mtDNA [ 6].
Due to its functional impact on transcription, it is foreseeable that histone methylation may participate in the regulation of pluripotent states by modulating the expression of pluripotency factors.
Expression of CD40 (with CD40L = CD154 as its functional ligand on T cells) was evident on all CD14+ CD16- monocytes, but with a clearly increased density among all the studied patient groups.
To determine if v3 might also contribute functionally to increased IDE expression, we evaluated its functional effect on reporter gene expression in vitro.
There are currently no structural data on the COPII coat assembled in its functional state on a membrane, leaving important mechanistic questions unanswered.
The beneficial effects of nitric oxide on wound repair may be attributed to its functional influences on angiogenesis [ 48, 34], inflammation, cell proliferation, matrix deposition, and remodeling [ 49].
We reasoned that each SNP has a different effect on disease predisposition either increasing or decreasing the risk due to its functional effect on the regulation of the overall pathway output (Figure 1).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com