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Both questionnaires comprise eight scales with 120 items: withdrawal, anxiety/depression, somatic complaints, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, delinquent behavior, and aggressive behavior.
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We shall use the 9 item withdrawal scale of the Stigma Coping Orientation scales [ 22].
As mentioned in the methods, physical dependence was rated by scores of 10 items opiate withdrawal scale (OWS).
Physical dependence of tramadol was assessed using 10 items opiate withdrawal scale (OWS), which composed of 10 symptoms/signs.
Physical dependence of tramadol was assessed using 10 items opiate withdrawal scale (OWS), and psychological dependence was assessed by Addiction Research Center Inventory Chinese Version (ARCI-CV).
Furthermore, an item on withdrawal from social activities was included: "Are there any activities you withdraw from because of your dual sensory impairment?".
For the PAUSS item social withdrawal, the correlation was even more pronounced than for the overall PAUSS (Spearman rank correlation for N = 649: r s = −0.337, P = 1.2 × 10−18).
Hence, we decided to replace Item 3 with a withdrawal item that belonged to the social inhibition subscale of an earlier 24-item version of the Type D scale [ 13], and modified the DS14 in order to increase the internal consistency of the SI assessment in Taiwan.
There are five subscales with four items in each: Physical Withdrawal, Affective Withdrawal, Withdrawal Relief Drinking, Alcohol Consumption, and Rapidity of Reinstatement.
Item 11: withdrawals from the study may differ systematically from those who remain.
Missing data for cannabis withdrawal items were substituted by the respondents' mean score on all completed cannabis withdrawal items during the same assessment when calculating the full cannabis withdrawal scale.
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