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The draft items were revised based on the cognitive interviews.
All the items were revised and modified to be appropriate for the present study.
As a result, the directions were made clearer and ambiguous items were revised.
Consequently, three items were revised to improve clarity and idiomatic expressions to Chinese participants.
On the basis of the evaluation by the experts, some items were revised in terms of wording to provide clarification.
The temporal dimensions of certain items were specified; for example, oral pain and mood items were revised to include duration of the symptom or mood state.
Similar(20)
Based on these findings, the wording of several items was revised for clarification.
For instance, when the psychometric properties of the SDQ were evaluated, it was recommended that some items be revised and reanalysed [ 32].
For example in Germany, the health insurances reimbursement for hospitals, based on the Diagnose Related Group, defines a minimum and maximum LOS for a TKA that is accompanied by a fixed budget per patient, with both items being revised annually.
Following this pre-test, the instructions were improved (e.g. women were asked to carefully read each item), the wording of six items was revised, and the scale for the satisfaction items was improved (addition of a happy/unhappy face above the corresponding end point).
The wording and setting of each item were revised based on the findings.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com