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Six items were manipulated to have linear position effects and the difficulty of the remaining items were not influenced by position changes.
Table 7 shows how item difficulty parameters of the six items were manipulated as a result of their positions across the two test forms.
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As of Sept. 1, 2016, there had been 34 purchases totaling nearly $38,000 "where the costs of the item was manipulated to obtain a purchase price of $499.99," according to the document.
We contrasted neural responses elicited within a block where number was manipulated to neural responses elicited within a block where item shapes were manipulated in a similarly parametric manner to see whether number-specific processes arose early, in an automatic manner.
Two levels of testlet contamination were manipulated by either generating item clustering effect in the second testlet, or not generating item clustering effect in the second testlet.
Pairs of pianists performed short musical items while action familiarity and interpersonal (behavioral) synchronization accuracy were manipulated in a factorial design.
Two levels of DIF contamination were manipulated by either using 3 additional DIF-present items (i.e., 30 % DIF contamination) throughout the test, or using no DIF-present items other than the studied items throughout the test.
Participants engaged in a delayed item recognition of task of working memory (WM) [10], while reward incentives were manipulated across three blocked conditions.
Two different physical variables of the dot groupings were manipulated as perceptual controls: overall surface (hence, luminance) and overall circumference (sum of the individual items' circumferences).
They were manipulated by directors and writers.
I felt we were manipulated.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com