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Item generation: Potential questionnaire items were generated by reviewing literature regarding sensations in chronic pain and neuropathy and from previous patient reports of laryngeal discomfort [ 8].
The OHS items were generated by conducting qualitative interviews with patients before and after undergoing hip replacement surgery, which suggested that pain and functional disability were generally inextricably linked.
In their system, cloze test items were generated by removing one or more words from a passage and the learners were asked to fill the missing words.
The items were generated by literature search, clinicians and patients.
Items were generated by the expert panel and the qualitative, open-ended interviews with patients.
Initially these items were generated by reviewing previous literature on over 60 assessment instruments [ 25].
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An initial set of interest items was generated by a group of 77 undergraduate students as part of a course in psychometrics organized at a university in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.
The electricity that powers these items is generated by emissions-producing energy plants.
Average scores per item were generated by summing positive answers for academic or personal favours and dividing them by the number of items in the scale, so that the overall scores had the possible range from 0 to 1 indicating the average per-item fraction of positive answers.
The process by which the items were generated and selected by the study participants themselves, adds to the cultural relevance and geographical specificity of the scale.
Drawing on the findings of this review, survey items were generated and refined by the research team; efforts were made to construct items that could be administered to both NCRI and patient respondents (in parallel forms).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com