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In the presence of duplicate items, we show that computing the best combined list is NP-hard.
For clarity, rather than depict the full similarity structure for 415 items, we show the similarity structure for 48 items (6 items drawn at random from the eight most common categories; Fig. 2).
After an initial analysis example in which we select items by phrasing (six positive versus six negatively worded items) we show that all items from the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) – when binary scored – were scalable according to the double monotonicity model, in two short scales comprising six items each (Bech's "well-being" and "distress" clinical scales).
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In each item, we show the median value and the average ± standard deviation.
"We have to figure out how to reopen the museum, how to show more than the 2,500 of the 60,000 items we now show and how to attract the largest number of visitors," he said.
Since the findings of items considered continuous were similar to the findings when items were considered binary, we show in the results as binary outcomes.
In Daily Activities, where no items were dropped due to lack of fit, we show two items that differ in difficulty.
"We show which items are the most viewed".
For each domain we show 2 items that differ in location, slope or both.
Of the 35 items, 16 items showed DIF for at least one of the grouping factors.
However, by using these two items we were able to show that the teacher responses were significantly explained by the children's cognitive processing speed, meaning that teachers should take more note of these types of child characteristics and refer for more formal testing of cognitive processing speed.
Write better and faster with AI suggestions while staying true to your unique style.
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com