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To perform tests of significance on responses to matched items, we calculated the standardized residuals as post hoc analyses on matched items (the difference between the observed and expected values converted to a z score).
To analyze items, we calculated the discrimination index (the corrected item-total correlation index); a discrimination index less than 0.2 mean the item is troublesome and should be excluded from the measure.
From these nine items, we calculated the total score.
To therefore generate a rank order of more or less relevant items, we calculated the product of the prevalence times the total proportion of diagnostic or treatment actions initiated by the physician for each item.
To analyze concordance between individual comorbidity items, we calculated the proportion of total agreement (on both reported presence and absence), and kappa coefficients with 95% confidence intervals for each condition.
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For each EBDM support rank item, we calculated the percentage of participants who ranked that item among their top three items.
In each questionnaire item, we calculated the mean and standard deviation and items showing ceiling effect or floor effect were excluded from the analysis.
For each item we calculated the median and the corresponding interquartile range (IQR) and displayed the results graphically using box plots.
Furthermore, for each ISMI item we calculated the proportion reporting 'Any stigma' (a response of "agree" or "strongly agree" on any stigma item) and 'Strong stigma' (a response of "strongly agree" only).
For each of the seven discrepancy-items, we calculate the proportion of trials with the discrepancy.
From the analysis of the diet components and the ingested items, we calculated that a mean of 33% of energy was derived from lipids, 16% of energy was derived from protein, and 51% of energy was derived from carbohydrates (20% from sugars).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com