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The content of the items was defined after a content validity study conducted with college students that described important and frequent emotions in their life.
A list of easily comprehensible non-redundant items was defined using Delphi technique and a pilot study on outpatients.
According to the answer, each response was scored 1 (negative attitude) to 3 (positive attitude) and a sum of these five items was defined as the attitude score.
Agreement for single items was defined by: (1) median value of six or higher, (2) inter-quartile rank (IR) of three or less, and (3) no statically significant differences between MI and PHC subgroup of experts.
As there is no agreed cut off to define severity of pain or disability in the WOMAC literature, severity of WOMAC items was defined categorically by grouping WOMAC responders who scored "severe" or "extreme" on at least one item on the pain or physical function scales into a "severe" group.
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On the basis of such consultations, the first Czech wordings of the items were defined.
The standard documents and its items are defined from analysis of traditional documents for outsourcing processes and EDI documents.
Indications for use and criteria for rejection of items were defined, based on comprehensive data analysis and clinical judgement.
We repeated this process with the welfare and four items used to measure subjective well-being and found all the items were defined by a single component (welfareSWB).
First, the configurational invariance, in which the items were defined for each factor and the factor loadings and covariance were freely estimated, was tested.
Observations These items were defined in line with the research question, in order to answer it and guide the information extraction in the conduction phase of this review.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com